Ijtihad
Ijtihad (Arabic اجتهاد) is a technical term of Islamic law that describes the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources, the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The opposite of ijtihad is taqlid, Arabic for "imitation". A person who applied ijtihad was called a mujtahid, and traditionally had to be a scholar of Islamic law or alim.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad
Liberal movements within Islam
Since the 19th century, Muslim progressives have produced a considerable body of liberal thought within Islam (in Arabic: الإسلام الاجتهادي or "interpretation-based Islam"; also الإسلام التقدمي or "progressive Islam" - but some consider progressive Islam and liberal Islam as two distinct movements [1]). These have in common a religious outlook which depends mainly on ijtihad or re-interpretations of scriptures. Liberal Muslims interpret the Qur'an and Hadith from their personal perspective rather than the traditional Muslim point of view. Liberals generally claim that they are returning to the principles of the early Muslim community and to the ethical and pluralistic intent of their scripture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_movements_within_Islam
Mu'tazilah
Mu'tazilah (Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Islam. It is also spelled Mu'tazilite, or Mu'tazilah.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazilite
Salafi
Salafism (Arabic سلفي , from the Arabic word Salaf سلف literally meaning predecessors or early generations), is an adherent of a contemporary movement in Sunni Islam ascribing his understanding and practice of Islam to the 'Salaf'. Salafism is derogatorily named by outsiders as Wahhabism. Salafis insist that their beliefs are simply pure Islam as practiced by the first three generations of Muslims praised by Prophet Muhammad in hadiths, and that they should not be regarded as a sect. Saudi Arabian Salafis do not like to be called Wahhabis.[citation needed]
The word Salaf means predecessors (or ancestors) and refers to the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad (the Sahaba), the early Muslims who followed them, and the scholars of the first three generations of Muslims. They are also called Al-Salaf Al-Salih or "the Righteous Predecessors".
Salafis view the first three generations of Muslims, who are the prophet Muhammad's companions, and the two succeeding generations after them, the Tabi'een and the tabi'it Tabi'een as perfect examples of how Islam should be practiced in everyday life. These three generations are often referred to as the pious generations. This principle of law is derived from the following hadith (tradition) by Prophet Muhammad: "The people of my generation are the best, then those who follow them, and then whose who follow the latter (i.e. the first three generations of Muslims)." (Bukhari 3:48:819 and 820 [1] and Muslim 31:6150 and 6151 [2].
One tenet of Salafism is that Islam was perfect and complete at the days of Muhammad and his Sahaba, but that much undesirable innovation (bid`a) was added to Islam afterwards due to materialist and cultural influences over the later centuries. Salafism seeks to revive the original practice of Islam [3].
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafiyya
Ijtihad (Arabic اجتهاد) is a technical term of Islamic law that describes the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources, the Qur'an and the Sunnah. The opposite of ijtihad is taqlid, Arabic for "imitation". A person who applied ijtihad was called a mujtahid, and traditionally had to be a scholar of Islamic law or alim.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad
Liberal movements within Islam
Since the 19th century, Muslim progressives have produced a considerable body of liberal thought within Islam (in Arabic: الإسلام الاجتهادي or "interpretation-based Islam"; also الإسلام التقدمي or "progressive Islam" - but some consider progressive Islam and liberal Islam as two distinct movements [1]). These have in common a religious outlook which depends mainly on ijtihad or re-interpretations of scriptures. Liberal Muslims interpret the Qur'an and Hadith from their personal perspective rather than the traditional Muslim point of view. Liberals generally claim that they are returning to the principles of the early Muslim community and to the ethical and pluralistic intent of their scripture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_movements_within_Islam
Mu'tazilah
Mu'tazilah (Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Islam. It is also spelled Mu'tazilite, or Mu'tazilah.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazilite
Salafi
Salafism (Arabic سلفي , from the Arabic word Salaf سلف literally meaning predecessors or early generations), is an adherent of a contemporary movement in Sunni Islam ascribing his understanding and practice of Islam to the 'Salaf'. Salafism is derogatorily named by outsiders as Wahhabism. Salafis insist that their beliefs are simply pure Islam as practiced by the first three generations of Muslims praised by Prophet Muhammad in hadiths, and that they should not be regarded as a sect. Saudi Arabian Salafis do not like to be called Wahhabis.[citation needed]
The word Salaf means predecessors (or ancestors) and refers to the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad (the Sahaba), the early Muslims who followed them, and the scholars of the first three generations of Muslims. They are also called Al-Salaf Al-Salih or "the Righteous Predecessors".
Salafis view the first three generations of Muslims, who are the prophet Muhammad's companions, and the two succeeding generations after them, the Tabi'een and the tabi'it Tabi'een as perfect examples of how Islam should be practiced in everyday life. These three generations are often referred to as the pious generations. This principle of law is derived from the following hadith (tradition) by Prophet Muhammad: "The people of my generation are the best, then those who follow them, and then whose who follow the latter (i.e. the first three generations of Muslims)." (Bukhari 3:48:819 and 820 [1] and Muslim 31:6150 and 6151 [2].
One tenet of Salafism is that Islam was perfect and complete at the days of Muhammad and his Sahaba, but that much undesirable innovation (bid`a) was added to Islam afterwards due to materialist and cultural influences over the later centuries. Salafism seeks to revive the original practice of Islam [3].
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafiyya
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